Physiological asymmetries show greater RH than LH activation for orienting of spatial attention, the perception of faces and musical melodies, spatial imagery, encoding and retrieval of nonverbal information, and pragmatic aspects of language processing. Neurochemical asymmetries suggest LH specialization for activation (dopamine), and RH specialization for arousal (norepinephrine). Anatomical asymmetries show larger perisylvian language areas in the LH. In the normal brain we can therefore observe asymmetries at all levels of analysis. The split brain further suggests that each hemisphere is a complete cognitive system. Hemispheric damage in humans suggests that the two cerebral hemispheres have complementary functions: the left hemisphere (LH) is specialized for language and action, the RH for attention and visual spatial perception. Zaidel, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001 A final section gives an overview of possible directions for future research. The emergence and growth of specialized journals, the multidisciplinary interactions that became typical of the advance of knowledge in this area, and the current explosion of importance of the area-particularly related to developments in geographic information systems, computer graphics and computer cartography-are summarized. Reference is made to critiques of behavioral research and the essential misunderstandings underlying those critiques. The exploration of cognitive and other ‘hidden’ environments is then detailed. Essential parts of the development of behavioral geography were the adaptation and use of different methods of data collection and nontraditional analytical methods, all necessary for the individual, or generally disaggregate, scale of research. It examines the merging of research interests on hazard perception, spatial decision making, and spatial behavior that constitutes the basis of this research area. This article reviews the historical reasons for the development of behavioral geography. Golledge, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001
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